Green Propellants and Smart Energetic Materials for Space Applications

Abstract

The rapid evolution of space exploration and satellite technology has intensified the need for safer, more sustainable, and highly efficient propulsion and energy systems. This review provides an integrated analysis of the current advancements in green propellant technologies, smart energetic materials, and nanotechnology-driven energy solutions for space applications. This review systematically explores green propulsion methods, including novel monopropellants, hybrid systems, and environmentally benign alternatives. Recent breakthroughs in fuel cell development for spacecraft power and closed-loop life support systems are compared, along with emerging rocket propellant chemistries, such as electrically controlled solids and metal boride nanocomposites. Furthermore, chemical synthesis strategies essential for life support in space habitats are discussed, focusing on oxygen and water recycling. Advances in nanoscale engineering for energy-efficient aerospace materials and defense applications are also discussed. By synthesizing the current literature and providing comparative analyses, this study identifies key opportunities and unresolved research gaps in realizing eco-friendly, high-performance solutions for space missions. The review concludes with recommendations for future interdisciplinary research in chemical engineering and technology, emphasizing the role of green innovation in shaping the next era of sustainable-space exploration.